Wednesday, 19 April 2023

09 month milestones

 By 9 months, your baby is much more mobile and likes to explore. Babies at this age are crawling and can raise themselves to stand, so safety in the home becomes an important issue as your baby's curiosity (and mobility) grows. Your baby now responds to her/his name, loves to cuddle with family members and may show shyness or fear of strangers. Games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake are sure to be a big hit with your 9-month-old.

 

 

Language and communication milestones at 9 months

How your baby is expressing his needs:

 

Pointing at things with his fingers.

Understands the word "no" and makes lots of different sounds.

He’ll start to copy movements he sees and sounds he hears.

Tips for parents

 

Because your baby loves to point, read some board books with pictures. He’ll be able to show you what he’s interested in.

Cut out pictures from magazines and create your own story about the objects or people in the picture.

Identify the objects your baby notices in his everyday environment or in the house and name them. This will help with their linguistic and communication development.

 

Brain development milestones at 9 months

How your child’s brain is growing:

 

Likes to play peek-a-boo and look for things you hide.

Tracks objects as they fall.

Moves things from one hand to the other, and likes to put objects in her mouth.

Picks up small objects with her thumb and index finger.

Tips for parents

 

Support and encourage your baby during playtime.

Help her develop her fine-motor skills by giving her small objects to pick up while under your supervision.

Tuesday, 28 March 2023

7-month-baby Meal Schedule


Your meal schedule for the little one might look like this:

  • Early morning snack: 150ml breast milk/formula
  • Breakfast: 3 to 4 tablespoons of rice cereal mixed with 60ml breast milk/formula
  • Mid-morning snack: 180ml breast milk/formula
  • Lunch: ¼ to ¾ bowl* of solid food
  • Afternoon snack: 180ml breast milk/formula
  • Dinner: ¼ to ¾ bowl* of solid food
  • Evening snack: 180ml breast milk/formula


*Rice bowl

Right now, your baby’s meals may typically be made up of a base wholegrain/grain (e.g. porridge) mixed with vegetable (e.g. pureed broccoli) and meat/others (e.g. tofu), perhaps with a tiny portion of fruit (e.g. apple and other fruit puree) when your baby feels up for it.

Broken down into these components, there are countless yummy meal combos you and your baby can explore. Just mix and match and let your creativity go wild! Read on for ideas on what you can feed your 7-month-old tot.

12 Foods You Should Avoid for Your Baby

As soon as your baby reaches the age of 6 months, it is time to introduce him/her to a variety of textures and flavours. Since this is an age of curiosity, both for the parents and the baby, do not feed the baby every fancy food you have access to. Here’s a list of the foods you should avoid feeding your baby:

1. Honey

2. Cow’s Milk

3. Peanut and Peanut Butter

4. Sea Food and Shellfish

5. Chocolate

6. Egg Whites

7. Canned Fruit Juices

8. Berries/Citrus Fruits

9. Wheat

10. Raw vegetables

11. Grapes/ Raisins

12. Sugar

 

Important Milestones of Child By One Year

 Social and emotional milestones at 1 year

Some of the ways you’ll see your little one learning to connect with the people around him at 1 year:

·         Hands you a book when he wants to hear a story.

·         Cries when his parents leave.

·         Is shy around strangers.

·         He’ll put out an arm or leg to help with getting dressed.

·         Has favourite toys.

·         Repeats sounds to get your attention. 

Tips for parents

·         Play social games with him like hiding something and coaxing him to find it.

·         Try to get him to help with getting dressed by asking him to put his leg out, stand up, etc.

Language and communication milestones at 1 year

How your toddler is expressing her needs:

·         Is using basic gestures like waving and saying basic words like “mama” and “dada.”

·         Her babbles sound more like speech.

·         Responds to simple requests you give.

·         She will try to repeat words you say.

Tips for parents

·         Encourage your toddler to say ‘hello’ and ‘goodbye.’ Praise your toddler when they do so, as this can help their socio-emotional development.

·         Praise your toddler when she repeats words or tries to speak with others.

·         Prompt her to point to characters and objects when you’re reading to her. 

Brain development milestones at 1 year

How your child’s brain is growing:

·         He is copying movements and gestures.

·         Bangs objects together.

·         Drinks from a cup and uses other objects correctly.

·         Finds things that are hidden.

·         He looks at the right object when it is named.

·         Can follow simple directions and lets go of objects without help.

·         He puts objects in containers and can take them out.

Tips for parents

·         Give support and guidance to your toddler when he’s playing a game.

·         As you notice your toddler gaining skills and being able to do some things on his own, you can progressively reduce your support but still observe and guide him.

Movement and physical development milestones at 1 year

How she’ll move through her environment:

·         Can take a few steps without support.

·         Gets into a sitting position without support. 

·         Pulls up to stand and walks while holding onto furniture.

Tips for parents

·         Try placing your toddler on flat surfaces to help her develop her gross motor skills like crawling and moving her arms and legs.

Food and nutrition milestones at 1 year

What mealtimes look like at 1 year:

·         Eats a greater variety of foods, such as soft-cooked vegetables and soft fruits.

·         He is starting to learn how to eat on his own.

·         Can thoroughly chew his food.

·         He is beginning to be able to use an open cup.

Tips for parents

·         Give your toddler half a cup of food four to five times a day, along with two healthy snacks. 

·         Continue to breastfeed if he wants to.

Things to look out for

While all children develop differently, you should speak to your paediatrician if your 1-year-old:

·         Isn’t crawling. 

·         Won't search for hidden objects.

·         Is unable to stand without support.

·         Doesn’t point.

·         Doesn’t say simple words.

·         Loses skills she once had.

 

 

Friday, 18 March 2022

Stem Cells


What is a stem cell?

A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types in the body. In the future they may be used to replace cells and tissues that have been damaged or lost due to disease.

What is a stem cell?

            Our body is made up of many different types of cells.

            Most cells are specialised to perform particular functions, such as red blood cells,  that carry oxygen around our bodies in the blood, but they are unable to divide.

            Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialised cells that are damaged or lost. They have two unique properties that enable them to do this:

o            They can divide over and over again to produce new cells.

o            As they divide, they can change into the other types of cell that make up the body.

An illustration showing a stem cell giving rise to more stem cells or specialised cells.

Image credit: Genome Research Limited

Different types of stem cell

            There are three main types of stem cell:

o            embryonic stem cells

o            adult stem cells

o            induced pluripotent stem cells

Embryonic stem cells

            Embryonic stem cells supply new cells for an embryo? as it grows and develops into a baby.

            These stem cells are said to be pluripotent, which means they can change into any cell in the body.

Adult stem cells

            Adult stem cells supply new cells as an organism grows and to replace cells that get damaged.

            Adult stem cells are said to be multipotent, which means they can only change into some cells in the body, not any cell, for example:

o            Blood (or 'haematopoietic') stem cells can only replace the various types of cells in the blood.

o            Skin (or 'epithelial') stem cells provide the different types of cells that make up our skin and hair.

An illustration showing different types of stem cell in the body.

Induced pluripotent stem cells

            Induced pluripotent stem cells, or ‘iPS cells’, are stem cells that scientists make in the laboratory.

            ‘Induced’ means that they are made in the lab by taking normal adult cells, like skin or blood cells, and reprogramming them to become stem cells.

            Just like embryonic stem cells, they are pluripotent so they can develop into any cell type.

A scientist here at the Wellcome Genome Campus working on induced pluripotant stem cells.

Image credit: Genome Research Limited

Why are stem cells useful?

            Stem cells have several uses including:

o            research – to help us understand the basic biology of how living things work and what happens in different types of cell during disease.

o            therapy – to replace lost or damaged cells that our bodies can’t replace naturally.

            Research is looking to better understand the properties of stem cells so that we can:

o            understand how our bodies grow and develop

o            find ways of using stem cells to replace cells or tissues? that have been damaged or lost.

            We can use stem cells to study how cells become specialised for specific functions in the body, and what happens when this process goes wrong in disease.

            If we understand stem cell development, we may be able to replicate this process to create new cells, tissues and organs?.

            We can grow tissue and organ structures from stem cells, which can then be studied to find out how they function and how they are affected by different drugs?.

These heart cells were grown from stem cells in a petri dish and can be used to study the beating rhythm of the heart.

Image credit: The McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network

Stem cell therapy

            Cells, tissues and organs can sometimes be permanently damaged or lost by disease, injury and genetic conditions?.

            Stem cells may be one way of generating new cells that can then be transplanted into the body to replace those that are damaged or lost.

            Adult stem cells are currently used to treat some conditions, for example:

o            Blood stem cells are used to provide a source of healthy blood cells for people with some blood conditions, such as thalassaemia, and cancer patients who have lost their own blood stem cells during treatment.

o            Skin stem cells can be used to generate new skin for people with severe burns.

            Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an example of a disease where stem cells could be used as a new form of treatment in the future:

o            Some people with age-related macular degeneration lose their sight because cells in the retina? of the eye called retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells stop working.

o            Scientists are using induced pluripotent stem cells to produce new RPE cells in the lab that can then be put into a patient’s eye to replace the damaged cells.

            Stem cells could be used to generate new organs for use in transplants:

o            Currently, damaged organs can be replaced by obtaining healthy organs from a donor, however donated organs may be 'rejected' by the body as the immune system sees it as something that is foreign.

o            Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from the patient themselves could be used to grow new organs that would have a lower risk of being rejected.

            To generate induced pluripotent stem cells, scientists re-introduce the signals that normally tell stem cells to stay as stem cells in the early embryo. These switch off any genes that tell the cell to be specialised, and switch on genes that tell the cell to be a stem cell.

 

Friday, 31 December 2021


There are 19 effective tips to lose belly fat, backed by scientific studies.

1. Eat plenty of soluble fiber

Soluble fiber absorbs water and forms a gel that helps slow down food as it passes through your digestive system.

Make an effort to consume high fiber foods every day. Excellent sources of soluble fiber include:

flax seeds

shirataki noodles

Brussels sprouts

avocados

legumes

blackberries

SUMMARY

Soluble fiber may help you to lose weight by increasing fullness and reducing calorie absorption. Try to include plenty of high fiber foods in your weight loss diet.

2. Avoid foods that contain trans fats

Trans fats are created by pumping hydrogen into unsaturated fats, such as soybean oil.

SUMMARY

Some studies have linked a high intake of trans fat to increased belly fat gain. Regardless of whether you’re trying to lose weight, limiting your intake of trans fat is a good idea.

3. Don’t drink too much alcohol

Alcohol can have health benefits in small amounts, but it’s seriously harmful if you drink too much.

Research suggests that too much alcohol can also make you gain belly fat.

4. Eat a high protein diet

Protein is an extremely important nutrient for weight management

High protein intake increases the release of the fullness hormone PYY, which decreases appetite and promotes fullness.

Be sure to include a good protein source at every meal, such as

meat

fish

eggs

dairy

whey protein

beans

SUMMARY

High protein foods, such as fish, lean meat, and beans, are ideal if you’re trying to shed some extra pounds around your waist.

5. Reduce your stress levels

Stress can make you gain belly fat by triggering the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, which is also known as the stress hormone.

SUMMARY

Stress may promote fat gain around your waist. Minimizing stress should be one of your priorities if you’re trying to lose weight.

6. Don’t eat a lot of sugary foods

Sugar contains fructose, which has been linked to several chronic diseases when consumed in excess.

SUMMARY

Excessive sugar intake is a major cause of weight gain in many people. Limit your intake of candy and processed foods high in added sugar.

7. Do aerobic exercise (cardio)

Aerobic exercise (cardio) is an effective way to improve your health and burn calories.

SUMMARY

Aerobic exercise is an effective weight loss method. Studies suggest it’s particularly effective at slimming your waistline.

8. Cut back on carbs — especially refined carbs

Reducing your carb intake can be very beneficial for losing fat, including abdominal fat.

SUMMARY

A high intake of refined carbs is associated with excessive belly fat. Consider reducing your carb intake or replacing refined carbs in your diet with healthy carb sources, such as whole grains, legumes, or vegetables.

9. Perform resistance training (lift weights)

Resistance training, also known as weight lifting or strength training, is important for preserving and gaining muscle mass.

SUMMARY

Strength training can be an important weight loss strategy and may help reduce belly fat. Studies suggest it’s even more effective in combination with aerobic exercise.

10. Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages

Sugar-sweetened beverages are loaded with liquid fructose, which can make you gain belly fat.

To lose belly fat, it’s best to completely avoid sugar-sweetened beverages such as:

 

soda

punch

sweet tea

alcoholic mixers containing sugar

SUMMARY

Avoiding all liquid forms of sugar, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, is very important if you’re trying to shed some extra pounds.

 

11. Get plenty of restful sleep

Sleep is important for many aspects of your health, including weight. Studies show that people who don’t get enough sleep tend to gain more weight, which may include belly fat (45Trusted Source, 46Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Sleep deprivation is linked to an increased risk of weight gain. Getting enough high quality sleep should be one of your main priorities if you plan to lose weight and improve your health.

12. Track your food intake and exercise

Many things can help you lose weight and belly fat, but consuming fewer calories than your body needs for weight maintenance is key (49Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

As a general weight loss advice, it’s always a good idea to keep track of what you’re eating. Keeping a food diary or using an online food tracker are two of the most popular ways to do this.

13. Eat fatty fish every week

Fatty fish are incredibly healthy.

They’re rich in high quality protein and omega-3 fats that protect you from disease (52Trusted Source, 53Trusted Source).

Aim to get 2–3 servings of fatty fish per week. Good choices include:

salmon

herring

sardines

mackerel

anchovies

SUMMARY

Eating fatty fish or taking omega-3 supplements may improve your overall health. Some evidence also suggests it may reduce belly fat in people with fatty liver disease.

14. Stop drinking fruit juice

Although fruit juice provides vitamins and minerals, it’s just as high in sugar as soda and other sweetened beverages.

Drinking large amounts may carry the same risk for abdominal fat gain (57Trusted Source).

 

SUMMARY

When it comes to fat gain, fruit juice can be just as bad as sugary soda. Consider avoiding all sources of liquid sugar to increase your chance of successfully losing weight.

15. Add apple cider vinegar to your diet

Drinking apple cider vinegar has impressive health benefits, including lowering blood sugar levels (59Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Apple cider vinegar may help you to lose some weight. Animal studies suggest it may help to reduce belly fat.

16. Eat probiotic foods or take a probiotic supplement

Probiotics are bacteria found in some foods and supplements. They have many health benefits, including helping improve gut health and enhancing immune function (64Trusted Source).

Researchers have found that different types of bacteria play a role in weight regulation and that having the right balance can help with weight loss, including loss of belly fat.

 

Those shown to reduce belly fat include members of the Lactobacillus family, such as Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus amylovorus and especially Lactobacillus gasseri (65Trusted Source, 66, 67Trusted Source, 68Trusted Source).

Probiotic supplements typically contain several types of bacteria, so make sure you purchase one that provides one or more of these bacterial strains.

Shop probiotic supplements online.

SUMMARY

Taking probiotic supplements may help promote a healthy digestive system. Studies also suggest that beneficial gut bacteria may help promote weight loss.

17. Try intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting has recently become very popular as a weight loss method.

SUMMARY

Intermittent fasting is an eating pattern that alternates between periods of eating and fasting. Studies suggest that it may be one of the most effective ways to lose weight and belly fat.

18. Drink green tea

Green tea is an exceptionally healthy beverage.

SUMMARY

Regularly drinking green tea has been linked to weight loss, though it’s probably not as effective on its own and best combined with exercise

19. Change your lifestyle and combine different methods

Just doing one of the items on this list won’t have a big effect on its own.

 

If you want good results, you need to combine different methods that have been shown to be effective.

Interestingly, many of these methods are things generally associated with healthy eating and an overall healthy lifestyle.

Therefore, changing your lifestyle for the long term is the key to losing your belly fat and keeping it off.

 

When you have healthy habits and eat real food, fat loss tends to follow as a natural side effect.

SUMMARY

Losing weight and keeping it off is difficult unless you permanently change your dietary habits and lifestyle.

The bottom line

There are no magic solutions to losing belly fat.

Weight loss always requires some effort, commitment, and perseverance on your behalf.

 

Successfully adopting some or all of the strategies and lifestyle goals discussed in this article will definitely help you lose the extra pounds around your waist.

 

 

๐Ÿง  Developmental Milestones (3.5–4 years)

  ๐Ÿง  Developmental Milestones (3.5–4 years) 1. ๐Ÿ—ฃ️ Language & Communication Speaks in 4–6 word sentences Can tell simple stories ...