Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, a condition in which the body attacks itself by mistake. MS is an unpredictable disease that affects people differently. Some people with MS may have only mild symptoms. Others may lose their ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk when communication between the brain and other parts of the body becomes disrupted.

Myelin is a protein and fatty substance that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. In MS, the immune system attacks the myelin, which becomes destroyed in many areas. This loss of myelin forms scar tissue called sclerosis. These areas are also called plaques or lesions. When the nerves are damaged in this way, they can’t conduct electrical impulses normally to and from the brain.

 

When MS causes repeated attacks, it's called relapsing remitting MS. When the symptoms progress over time without clear attacks, it's called primary progressive MS.

 

What causes multiple sclerosis?

There are many possible causes of MS, such as:

Autoimmune disorders

Infectious agents, such as viruses

Environmental factors

Genetic factors

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

The symptoms of MS are often unpredictable. They may be mild or severe, short-term or long-lasting. They may appear in different combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. The following are the most common symptoms of MS. But each person may have different symptoms.

 

First symptoms of MS

Blurred or double vision

 

Red-green color distortion

 

Pain and loss of vision because of swelling of the optic nerve (optic neuritis)

Trouble walking and difficulty with balance

An abnormal feeling, such as numbness, prickling, or pins and needles (paresthesia)

Other symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Muscle weakness in the arms and legs

Trouble with coordination. You may have problems walking or standing. You may also be partly or completely paralyzed.

Spasticity. This is the involuntary increased tone of muscles leading to stiffness and spasms.

Fatigue. This may be brought on by physical activity. But it may ease with rest. You may have constant tiredness that doesn't go away.

Loss of feeling

Speech problems

 

Tremor

Dizziness

Hearing loss

Bowel and bladder problems

Depression

Changes in sexual function

 

About half of all people with MS have thinking (cognitive) problems linked to the disease. The effects of these problems may be mild. Your healthcare provider may only find them after much testing. The problems may be with:

 

Focusing (concentration)

Attention

Memory

Poor judgment

Symptoms of MS are grouped as primary, secondary, or tertiary as described below:

 

Primary symptoms. These symptoms are a direct result of the destruction of myelin:

Weakness

Numbness

Shaking (tremors)

Loss of vision

 

Pain

Paralysis

Loss of balance

Bladder and bowel problems

 

Secondary symptoms. These are complications that may occur as a result of the primary symptoms, for example:

Paralysis can lead to bedsores.

Bladder problems may cause repeated urinary tract infections.

Inactivity can result in weakness, poor posture, muscle imbalances, decreased bone density, and breathing problems.

Becoming less mobile because of weakness and trouble swallowing can lead to a greater risk of pneumonia.

Tertiary symptoms. These are social, job-related, and psychological problems:

A person who becomes unable to walk or drive may lose their livelihood.

 

Strain of dealing with a chronic illness may disrupt personal relationships.

Depression is often seen among people with MS.

The symptoms of MS may look like other health problems. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?

Not one specific test is used to diagnose MS. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and signs, imaging tests, and lab tests. A healthcare provider can make a diagnosis by following a careful process to rule out other causes and diseases. Two things must be true to make a diagnosis of relapsing remitting MS:

 

You must have had 2 attacks at least 1 month apart. An attack is when any MS symptoms show up suddenly. Or when any MS symptoms get worse for at least 24 hours.

 

You must have more than 1 area of damage to the central nervous system myelin. Myelin is the sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. This damage must have occurred at more than 1 point in time and not have been caused by any other disease.

Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history and do a neurological exam. This includes:

Mental functions

Emotional functions

Language functions

Movement and coordination

Vision

Balance

Functions of the 5 senses

You may also need:

 

MRI. This diagnostic test uses a combination of large magnets and a computer to make detailed pictures of organs and structures within the body without the use of X-rays. It can find plaques or scarring caused by MS. Generally, a single attack along with certain patterns of changes in brain tissue seen on an MRI scan of the brain done with contrast can mean that you have MS.

 

Evoked potentials. These tests record the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli. These tests show if you have a slowing of messages in the different parts of the brain.

 

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis. This is also called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. It looks at the fluid taken from the spinal column to make an evaluation or diagnosis. This test checks for cellular and chemical abnormalities seen with MS.

Blood tests. These are done to rule out other causes for various neurological symptoms.

Eye exam and visual fields measurements.

How is multiple sclerosis treated?

Treatment will depend on your symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how bad the condition is.

Currently, treatments are divided into:

Disease-modifying treatments. These directly target inflammation in the central nervous system. They help slow its deterioration.

Treatment of acute relapses. The use of steroids and plasma exchange (PLEX) can speed up your recovery when you have an MS attack.

There is no known cure for MS. But you can do things to help change the course of the disease, treat flare-ups, manage symptoms, and improve your function and mobility.

Treatments for the conditions seen with MS may include:

 

Equipment, such as canes, braces, or walkers

Rehabilitation activities

Rehab varies depending on your symptoms and how bad they are. MS rehab may help you to:

Get back functions that are important for daily living

 

Be as independent as you can

Involve your family

Make the right decisions relating to your care

Learn about equipment like canes, braces, or walkers that can make is easier to move around

Set up an exercise program that builds muscle strength, endurance, and control

Get back motor skills

Speak more easily if you have weakness or a lack of coordination of face and tongue muscles

Manage bowel or bladder incontinence

Relearn thinking skills

Change the way your home is set up to keep you safe but allow you to move about as easily as possible

What are possible complications of multiple sclerosis?

The complications of MS range from mild to severe. They can range from fatigue to the inability to walk. Other problems include loss of vision, balance, and bowel or bladder control. Depression can result from the difficulty of living with a chronic condition.

 

Living with multiple sclerosis

It's important to take your medicines as directed. You may get help by taking part in a clinical trial. Using equipment like canes or walkers can help you get around as walking becomes harder to do. Rehab activities can also help you keep or get back functioning. Changing the way your home is set up can help you stay independent. Talk with your family and healthcare providers about what you need.

 

Key points about multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system.

 

MS is unpredictable. Some people may be only mildly affected. Others may lose the ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk.

 

Early symptoms can include vision problems, trouble walking, and tingling feelings.

MS affects people differently. But common problems are trouble with movement and thinking, and bowel and bladder incontinence.

Medicines and rehabilitation can help to keep or restore functioning.

A 28-month-old toddler can reach many milestones, including Speech

 

They may be able to repeat two digits, identify and name 10 to 15 pictures, and use pronouns like "I," "me," and "you". If your child isn't talking much, you can consult your pediatrician to see if they need early intervention.

Motor skills

They may be able to run, climb, and jump using their large motor skills. They may also be able to use the small muscles in their hands and fingers to turn book pages.

Other skills

They may be able to pull off their shoes and hold a cup with one hand. They may also enjoy turning knobs and playing games and singing songs that involve actions.

His increasing skills are making life easier for him, and for you. Your toddler may now be able to pull off his shoes. He may also be able to hold a cup with one hand.

Your toddler's dexterity with small things is matched by his ability to make big movements. He may even be able to balance on one foot for a second or take a big jump forward with his feet together. Have fun jumping over puddles or onto the next paving stone together. Your toddler will love trying out a physical challenge with your help.

How can I help my toddler to talk?

One thing that will really help your toddler is if you're patient with him. Although he can join in a conversation with you, he'll find it difficult to put together sentences with words in the right order. What he says may come out jumbled, and that's perfectly normal for this age.

 

When you ask him a question, give him a good 10 seconds to think about his answer. He'll need the time to put his thoughts into words. Follow your toddler's lead to talk about what interests him. This will keep him engaged and keen to chat.

How should I deal with my toddler's constant temper tantrums?

Your toddler is learning to cope with his strong emotions and to control his actions. He's still prone to a fair amount of pushing, shoving, yelling and throwing tantrums. This is all part of normal growing up for a toddler. It may reassure you to know that one in five two-year-olds has a temper tantrum every day.

If you see that your toddler is about to launch into a tantrum, try to distract him straight away. Use a toy to get his attention, or point out something out of the window. It doesn't have to be particularly interesting! It just has to be enough to take his mind off his grievance for a few seconds. Chances are he'll forget what was bothering him in the first place.

 

If you've told your toddler "no" to something, don't give in just to end the tantrum. Otherwise, your toddler will learn that a tantrum is a good way to get what he wants. And that means more tantrums for you to endure.

 

It's better to stay calm and remove your toddler from the situation. You'll have to be patient and wait for your toddler to calm down too. This can be particularly hard if your toddler's meltdown is a public one, but just grit your teeth and hang in there. You'll probably get plenty of sympathetic glances from passers-by.

How can I help my toddler to follow rules?

Helping your child to understand the "why" of rules will make it easier for him to follow them. Explain that we do some things to stay safe, such as holding hands while crossing the street.

 

Keep your rules clear and consistent. Be patient while your toddler learns to follow them. Most children will need a lot of gentle reminders. Praise your toddler when he does what you tell him to.

Why does my toddler ignore me when I ask him to come to the table?

Your toddler's attention span is getting longer. This means he may be so absorbed in his play that he'll ignore you when you ask him to do something.

 

He'll find it easier to leave his game if you tell him in advance. He won't understand the concept of time yet. But, for example, you could tell him: "You can build one more tower. Then we are having tea."

 

Your toddler may still need a couple of reminders before he moves away from his game. Getting him to listen to you is another challenge you'll face as the parent of a toddler!

When can I start teaching my toddler how to ride a bike?

Not yet. But your toddler will probably enjoy riding a tricycle. He won't necessarily be able to steer and pedal. Instead, he'll propel himself forward with his feet on the ground.

 

Another option is a balance bike. This is basically a pedal-free bike which is the right height for your toddler to plant both feet on the ground. This type of bike can help your toddler learn how to balance without the need for stabilisers.

 

A well-fitting helmet is a must, of course, especially if he'll be pushing himself along on pavements.

 

Your toddler needs at least three hours' physical activity a day. Introducing him to a trike or balance bike is a great way to get him moving.