xHkZ mRikn lkexzh

 1&xHkZ mRiknd lkexzh

2&vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj xHkZ mRiknd lkexzh

3&_rq  (Menstrual cycle)

4&{ks=  (Uterus)

5&vEcw  (Nutrition)

6&cht   ¼iq:’k cht rFkk L=h cht½ - (Spermatozoa and ovum)

xHkZ mRikn lkexzh

vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj xHkZ mRikn lkexzh &

Þ/kz`oa prq.kkZa lkfUUk/;kr~ xHkZL;kr~ fof/kiwoZd%A

_rq {ks=kEcqchtkuka lkexz;kn~ vadqjks ;FkkAAÞ          ¼lq- “kk- 2@ 35½

vFkkZr & ftl izdkj _rq  (vuqdwy _rq)] {ks= ¼vPNh tehu½] vEcq ¼ty½] cht ¼vukt ;k lfCt;ksa ds cht½] bu pkj Hkkoksa ¼inkFkksZa½ ds feyu ls gh vukt ds vadqj dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA

mlh izdkj bUgha pkj rRoksa ds feyus ls xHkZ dh ¼ euq’; ds vadqj dh ½ mRifÙk gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ij bu pkj Hkkoksa dks fuEu izdkj ls le>rs gSa

vuqdwy _rq        _rq      Menstrual cycle

vPNh tehu        {ks=      Uterus

ty               vEcq      Nutrition

vukt ds cht      cht      Spermatozoa + ovum

_rq  ( Menstrual cycle)

vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj&

_rq  ( Menstrual cycle) -  vFkkZr L=h “kjhj esa ckjg o’kZ dh vk;q ls ipkl o’kZ dh vk;q rd yxkrkj izR;sd efgus esa tks voLFkk mRiUUk gksrh gS] ftldk y{k.k izR;sd efgus esa rhu ls ik¡p fnu rd L=h dh ;ksfu es gksus okyk jt%L=ko gh ekuk tkrk gSA bl _rq dky esa gh euq’; cht rFkk L=h cht dk feyu gksus ij mRiUUk gksus okys xHkZ dks /kkj.k djus dh “kfDr rFkk {kerk] L=h ds xHkkZ”k; es jgrh gSA izR;sd efgus esa vkus okyh blh voLFkk dks _rqdky dgk tkrk gSA

 According to modern-

(1) Ovulation -   Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is made available to be fertilized .

Approximately every month an egg will mature within one of your ovaries.

(2) Menstrual cycle-  The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system ( specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.

                               I.            The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.

                            II.            Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.

                         III.            Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.

                         {ks=  (Uterus)

vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj &

{ks=  (Uterus) -  tgk¡ xHkZ dh mRifÙk gksrh gS xHkZ jgrk gS rFkk mldh o`f) gksrh gS] og LFkku ftls xHkkZ”k; ;k xHkZ”k¸;k dgk tkrk gSA

 According to modern- The uterus (from latin “uterus”) or womb is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of humans.

Synonym - Womb and hystera.

Location- The uterus is a hollow , pear shaped organ with thick muscular walls. Pelvic cavity in the young nullipara adult.

*Lesser pelvic cavity - B/w urinary bladder and rectum.

Shape-     Human uterus is piriform in shape/

Weight-   A typical adult uterus weight about 30-40 grams.

Size-       length - 7.5 cm

              Width - 5 cm

              Thickness - 2.5 cm.

Part - It has two parts -

1.     upper part - upper expanded part called the funds and body

2.     Lower part - The lower cylindrical part called the cervix, and forms the lower 1/3 of the organ.

Walls of uterus -

                               I.            Endometrium - Mucous membrane

                            II.            Myometrium - Muscular coat.

                         III.            Perimetrium - Serous coat .

vEcq  (Nutrition)

vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj&

vEcq  (Nutrition) -  L=h “kjhj ls xHkZ dks feyus okyk jl vkSj jDr ;gh ty dk dke djrk gS vkSj xHkZ dh o`f) djrk gS rFkk iks’k.k djrk gS

According to modern:

(1) Embryonic nutrition-

                                           I.            By yolk sac

                                        II.            From 5^th to end of 10^th gestational week i.e. embryonic period.

                                     III.             Following which yolk sac gradually disappears. During this nutrition placenta is no fully developed

yolk sac - Membrane outside the embryo that is connected by a tube ( yolk stalk) though the umbilical opening to the embryos midgut.

(2) placenta nutrition-

                                           I.            By placenta + amnio fluid

                                        II.            Provide nutrition to the unborn body.

                                     III.            This structure provides oxygen and nutrition to your growing body and removes waste products from fetus blood.

                                    IV.            Fetus umbilical cord arises from it.

                                  

cht  (iq:’k cht rFkk L=h cht& Spermatozoa and ovum)

vkpk;Z lqJqr ds vuqlkj&

cht  ( iq:’k cht rFkk L=h cht&  Spermatozoa and ovum) -  iq:’k cht L=h cht bu nksuksa ds feyu ls gh xHkZ dh mRifÙk gksrh gS bl izdkj vkpk;Z lqJqr us [ksrksa esa vukt ds vadqj dh mRifÙk ls xHkZ dh mRifÙk dh rqyuk djrs gq, vko”;d Hkkoksa dks crk;k gSA

 According to modern-

·       Spermatozoa (“kqdzk.kq)

Length - 1/300 Inch = .05 mm

Part - 4 parts - 1. Head

                   2. Neck

                   3. Body

                   4. Tail or end part

Specific gravity -1.028

Ph - 6-8

Colour - whitesh, yellow

Quantity - 60-150 million/ ml. - Normal value

Infertility - Below 20 million/ml (1 Million = Lakhs)

In normal semen - 80% motile spermatozoon

Motility - 45 Minute good Till 3 hours less motility

Ovum-  The egg cell, or ovum, is the female reproductive cell (gamete) in oogamous organisms. The egg cell is typically not capable of active movement , and it is much larger (visible to the naked eye) than the motile sperm cells.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 um long.

Ova are made and released by female’s ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from pubery, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called oogenesis.

When the ovum is fertilised by a male’s sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mothers placenta.

                                       

e`r ”kks/ku ,oa laj{k.k ;k e`r “kjhj dk “kks/ku vkSj laj{k.k

·       “ko laj{k.k ¼Preservation of dead body½

·       e`r”kks/ku ;k e`rla”kks/ku ;k e`r “kjhj foPNsnu ¼Dissection or practical anatomy½

·       “kjhj ds vax & izR;ax foHkkx] la[;k “kkjhj] O;kdj.k “kkjhj vkfn ds fy, ,d vkSj tgk¡ “kkL= Kku ¼Theoriatical Knowledge½ vko”;d gSA

·       ogha nwljh vksj izR;{k dekZH;kl ds fy, “kkjhj Kku ¼Practical Knowldege½ Hkh mi;ksxh gSA

·       fo”ks’k rkSj ls “kY; “kkL=h ds fy, rks ;g cgqr gh mi;ksxh gSA blfy, “kjhj dk izR;{k Kku djus ds fy, “koPNsnu ¼Dissection½ djuk bruk vklku ugh FkkA

·       vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx dh vis{kk vkpk;Z lqJqr ds dky esa vkt ls yxHkx lkDead Body½ dk “koPNsnu ¼Dissection½ djuk bruk vklku ugha FkkA

·       vusdksa lk/kuksa dk rFkk ;a= “kL=ksa dk vHkko] “kofoPNsnu x`g ¼Dissection hall½ dk vHkko] lekt dh ikjEifjd jpuk] muds lkekftd fu;e vkfnA buds vuqlkj e`r “kjhj ¼Dead Body½ dks Li”kZ ¼touch½ Hkh vPNk ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA mldk foPNsnu ¼Dissection½ djuk rks ,dne gh fud`’V deZ FkkA

·       vr% ml dky esaa e`r la”kks/ku ,oa laj{k.k dh i)fr viuk;h tkrh Fkh] og vk/kqfud i)fr ls fcYdqy vyx FkhA                              

            

izkphu laj{k.k i)fr

1-    “ko dk laj{k.k] “koPNsnu deZ ls iwoZ gh djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA izkphu dky esa “ko laj{k.k ds vusd mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feyrs gS] ftuls fl) gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa gh ugha vfirq feJ vkfn vU; ns”kksa esa Hkh “ko laj{k.k fof/k lekt esa izpfyr FkhA jkek;.k ,oa egkHkkjr dky bl izek.k dh iqf’V djrs gSaA egkjktk n”kjFk ds e`r “kjhj dks Hkjr ds vkus rd rSy nzks.kh esaa lqjf{kr j[kk FkkA feJ esa Hkh vusd jktk ,oa mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa ds “koksa dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, vkS’kf/k;ksa ds ysi esa lajf{kr fd;k tkrk FkkA ftl LFkku ij “koksa dks lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk Fkk] mUgsa fijkfeM dgk tkrk gSA vkt Hkh fo”o esa Pyramids of Egypts izfl) gSA tgk¡ “krkfCn;ksa iwoZ ds “ko vkt Hkh lajf{kr gSA

2-    lqJqr lafgrk ds “kkjhj LFkku 5@61 esa “kjhj ds vax & izR;axksa dk izR;{k Kku izkIr djus gsrq “ko dks lajf{kr djuk rFkk mlds ckn “kOkPNsnu dk fo/kku crk;k gSA

^^rLekr~ leLrxkefo’kksigrenh?kZO;kf/kihfM+reo’kZ”khrda fu% l`’VkU=iqjh’ka iq:’ke&ogUR;keki xk;ka fuc)a i$jLFka eq$oYdydq”k”k.kknhukeU;resukosf’VrkcizR; ceizdk”ks ns”ks dksFk;sr~] lE;d~ izdqfFkra pksn~/k`R; rrks nsga lIrjk=knq”khjckyos.kqoYdydwpkZukeU;resu “kuS% “kuSjo?k’kZ;aLroxknhu~ lofuo ckákH;kUrjkcfo”ks’kku~~ ;Fkksäku~ y{k;sPp{kq’kkAA**

¼lq-“kk- 5@61½

“ko laj{k.k ,oa “koPNsnu dh i)fr &

vr% “kjhjxr vax&izR;a{k Kku izkIr djus ds fy,] ftlds “kjhj esa lEiw.kZ vax&izR;ca gks] ftldh e`R;q fo’k ¼Poison½ ls u gqbZ gks] tks nh?kZdky rd O;kf/k ls ihfM+r u gqvk gks] ftldh vk;q lkS o’kZ ls de gks] “kjhj ij yxk gqvk vkU=xr ey lkQ fd;k x;k gks] ,sls e`r “kjhj dks rsth ls u cgus okyh unh esa] fi$js esa ck¡/kdj] eq$ ¼o`{kksa dh Nky½ oYdy ¼isM+ dk fNydk½] dq”k] lu ¼”k.k½ buesa ls fdlh ,d oLrq ls vax&izR;axksa dks yisVdj vizdV LFkku ¼vU/ksjs½ esaa lM+kosaA fQj lkr fnu ds ckn Hkyh & Hkk¡fr lMs+ gq, ml e`r “kjhj dks unh ls ckgj fudkydj fi$js rFkk eq$kfn vkoj.k dks gVkdj] m”khj ¼[kl½] cky] os.kq ¼ckal½] oYdy ¼o`{k dh Nky½] buesa ls fdlh ,d ls rS;kj dh gqbZ dw¡ph ls /khjs & /khjs [kqjprs ¼f?klrs½ gq, iwoksZDr lc Ropkvksa dks cká rFkk vkH;kUrj vax & izR;axksa ds vk¡[kksa ls ns[ksaA

^^u “kD;z{kq’kk nz’Vqa nsgs lw{ereks foHkq%A n`”;rs Kku p{kqfHkZLri{kqfHkZjso pAA**

¼lq-“kk- 5@62½

bruk djus ij Hkh vkpk;Z &lqJqr dgrs gSa] fd “kjhj esa tks Hkh lw{e ls lw{e jpuk,¡ gSa] mUgsa ge viuh vk¡[kks ls ¼peZ p{kq = Naked eye ½ ugha ns[k ldrs] blfy, ,slh lw{e jpukvksa dk Kku xqq: ;k vkpk;Z }kjk gh izkIr gks ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ Kku p{kq ¼ riz{kq] fnO;p{kq] Microscope , lens, magnifying glass½ ls ns[kuk pkfg,A

vk;qosZn ds vuq”kkj

   vkpkZ; lqJqr ds le; esa laj{k.k ,oa e`r”kks/ku i)fr

1-   laj{k.k ls iwoZ e`r “kjhj dh ijh{kk o lko/kkfu;k¡ ;k iwoZdeZ&                                

&ftl “ko esa iw.kZ vax & izR;ax gksaA

&ftldh e`r;q nh/kZdkyhu O;kf/k;ksa ls u gqbZ gksA             

&ftldh e`R;q fo’k iz;ksx ls u gqbZ gksA

&ftldh vk;q lkS o’kZ ls de gksA

                               

2-       laj{k.k fof/k ¼ Preparation of the dead body½&                      ,sls e`r “kjhj dks eawt] Nky] dq”k vFkok “k.k vkfn ds }kjk HkyhHkk¡fr yisVdj] fiatjs esa j[kdj rst u cgus okyh unh ds ty esa Mqcksdj ck¡/k nsuk pkfg,A

3-    “koPNsnu ¼ Dissection½&                                          lkr fnu ckn HkyhHkk¡fr Qwys gq, “ko dks unh ls ckgj fudkydj vkSj fijs rFkk eawt vkfn ds vkoj.k dks gVkdj [kl] ckal] Nky vFkok ckyksa }kjk fufeZZZr dwph ls /khjs&/khjs ?k’kZ.k dj] Ropk vkfn  cká vkSj vkH;Urj vax& izR;axks dks izR;{k djuk pkfg,A bl fof/k dks ge vdud “koNsnu ¼ Blunt disseection½ ds uke ls tku ldrs gSA tks lw{e jpuk dks Hkh fcuk {kfr ds ns[kus ;s [kkst ysus dh loksZŸke fof/k gSA mi;qZDr fof/k ls peZp{kqvksa }kjk “kjhj ds LFkwy vax& izR;axks dk ns[k lduk rks lEHko gS] ijUrq “kjhjxr lw{e Hkkoksa dk Kku riz{kqvksa }kjk gh lEHko gSA

vk/kqfud ds vuq”kkj

vk/kqfud le; esa laj{k.k ,oa e`r”kk/ku i)fr

vk/kqfud ;qx esa fofHkUu “kkL=ksa esa tks mUufr gqbZ] mlds vuqlkj e`r”kjhj dss laj{k.k rFkk jatu dh O;oLFkk dk Hkh vkfo’dkj gqvkA vr% vkt “ko laj{k.k ds fy, gesa fdlh unh dh ryk”k djuk vko”;d ugha gSA foKku dh izxfr ds dkj.k] vkt ge e`r “kjhj izkIr djus ij] “koPNsnu x`g esa lwfpos/k }kjk mlesa laj{kd nzo Hkj nsrs gSA ftlls og e`r “kjhj lM- ugha ldrk vkSj “ko dh fofHkUu vUrjZpuk,¡ u’V ugha gksrhA rFkk jatd¼ St½ nzo Hkh “kjhj esa izfo’V fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls /keuh]fljk vkfn jpukvksa ls lqyHkrk ls O;oPNsn dj ldrs gSA

                          

laj{k.k ls iwoZ e`r “kjhj dh ijh{kk o lko/kkfu;k¡ ;k iwoZdeZ&

1-    bl izfdz;k esa e`R;q gksrs gh “o dks xzg.k djds lajf{kr dj fy;k tkrk gSA’khrdky esa e`R;q gksus ds le; ls ysdj yxHkx 30 ?k.Vs rd “ko esa nwf’kr ifjorZu ugha gksrsA xzh’edky esa e`R;q gksrs gh “ko ds ckgj cQZ yxk nsuh pkfg,] yxHkx  24 ?k.Vs rd “ko esa nwdf’kr ifjorZu ugha gksrsA

2-    ftl “ko esa iw.kZ vax&izR;ax gksaA

3-    vax&izR;ax dVs&QVs u gksA

4-    ftldh e`R;q nh?kZdkyhu O;kf/k;ksa ls u gksA

5-    e`r “kjhj fdlh ladzed jksx ls ihfM++++++++r u gksA

6-    ftldh e`R;q fo’k iz;ksx ls u gksA

7-    Post-mirtem dh gqbZ Bodyu gksA

8-    ftldh vk;q yxHkx 55&60 o’kZ ls vf/kd u gksA     

j{kd nzO; ¼ Preservative fluid½&

·        Carbolic acid or Phenol               1lt.

·        Formaline                                  4 lt.

·        Glycerine                                         2lt.

·        Sprit                                                  3lt.

·        Terpentine oil                                   300ml.

·        Water                                                 3lt

·       jatd nzO; ¼Stanining fluid½&

·        Red lead                                              200mg

·        Water                                                  2lt.

             bu lHkh dks feykdj laj{kd nzo rS;kj djrs gSA

nzo laj{k.k igpku &

1-     tcFormalin dh Smell “ko dh ukfldk¼ Nose½ vkSj dkuks (Ears)esa vkus yxsA

2-     yykV ¼Fore head ½  ,oa vaxqfy;ksa ds vfUre ioksZa ds vxzh Hkkx ¼ Head of distal phalanx½ esa vky fiu ls Hksnu ij nzo fjlus yxsA

jatu ¼ Staining½&

laj{k.k izzfdz;k ds lkr fnu ckn /keuh laLFkku dks fojaftr djuk pkfg,A

·        Red lead -200 mg.       

·        water -2lt.

laj{k.k fof/k&

e`r “kjhj dks “koPNsnu d{k ¼Dissection hall ½esa “koPNsnu est ij mu fLFkfr esa ysVkdj mlds nf{k.k ;k oke Hkkx esa vkSj ds chp gksrk gSA mlds uhps yxkrs gSaA ogk¡ feyrh gS] ftlds vUnj esa vkSj eas feyrh gSA ds }kjk ge esa igq¡pkdj dk djrs gaS A ;k ls dks djrs gSA

(I)  Ant. sup. iliac spine-Inguinal ligament –Pubic tuberele

Below 4cm. cut

Femoral sheath

Femoral A.( Lateral side )

Femorel V.(Medial side )

(II) Arch of aorta

 

Brachio cephalic         A. lt. commo carotid         A. lt. subclavian A.

laj{k.k djrs le; lko/kkfu;k¡ &

1- ukd]dku ,oa xqnk vkfn ds ekxksZa esa :bZ ¼ Cotton½Hkj nsuh pkfg, rkfd nzo ckgj u fudy ldsA

2.Femorol artery Canula Direction igys Åij dh vksj gksuh pkfg, vkSj tc yxHkx ,d yh- Preservative fluid “ks’k jgs Canula dh uhps dh Direction vksj dj nsuh pkfg,Aftlls lEiw.kZ e`r “kjhj esa Presrvative fluid vPNh rjg igq¡p tk;sA

“koPNsnu ¼ Dissection½ &

laj{k.k ,oaaa¼Preservation and staining½ ds iw.kZ gks tkus ds ckn “koPNsnu d{k¼Dissection hall½ esa “koPNsnu¼Dissection½ dk dk;Z izzjEHk djrs gSA

e`r”kks/ku dk egRo ¼Importance of dissection½&

1-    “kkjhjd vo;oksa dh x.kuk gsrqA

2-    vax&izR;ax dh jpuk dh n`f’V ls Kku gsrqA

3-    fofHkUu vo;oksa ds voLFkkuqlkj ifjorZu ,oa mudh fLFkfr ¼Position½ ds Kku gsrqA

4-    fpfdRlk ,oa “kY; deZ esa lQyrk izkfIr gsrqA

5-    e`r “kjhj vo;koksa ds Kku ls thfor izk.kh dh izfdz;kvksaa ds Kku gsrqA

6-    “kjhj fdz;k] “kjhj jpuk ,oa “kY; “kkL= ds Kku gsrqA

7-    O;ogkj vk;qosZn ,oa fof/koS|d ds Kku gsrqA

8-    lS)kafrd Kku ds lkFk fdz;kRed Kku izkfIr gsrqA

bl izdkj ge fu%lansg dg ldrs gSa fd e`r”kks/ku dk ,d fpfdRld ds fy, fpfdRlk gsrq Kku izkIr djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA