Wednesday, 4 September 2024

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)


Overview

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system. It is thought to be an autoimmune disorder, a condition in which the body attacks itself by mistake. MS is an unpredictable disease that affects people differently. Some people with MS may have only mild symptoms. Others may lose their ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk when communication between the brain and other parts of the body becomes disrupted.

Myelin is a protein and fatty substance that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. In MS, the immune system attacks the myelin, which becomes destroyed in many areas. This loss of myelin forms scar tissue called sclerosis. These areas are also called plaques or lesions. When the nerves are damaged in this way, they can’t conduct electrical impulses normally to and from the brain.

 

When MS causes repeated attacks, it's called relapsing remitting MS. When the symptoms progress over time without clear attacks, it's called primary progressive MS.

 

What causes multiple sclerosis?

There are many possible causes of MS, such as:

Autoimmune disorders

Infectious agents, such as viruses

Environmental factors

Genetic factors

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

The symptoms of MS are often unpredictable. They may be mild or severe, short-term or long-lasting. They may appear in different combinations, depending on the area of the nervous system affected. The following are the most common symptoms of MS. But each person may have different symptoms.

 

First symptoms of MS

Blurred or double vision

 

Red-green color distortion

 

Pain and loss of vision because of swelling of the optic nerve (optic neuritis)

Trouble walking and difficulty with balance

An abnormal feeling, such as numbness, prickling, or pins and needles (paresthesia)

Other symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Muscle weakness in the arms and legs

Trouble with coordination. You may have problems walking or standing. You may also be partly or completely paralyzed.

Spasticity. This is the involuntary increased tone of muscles leading to stiffness and spasms.

Fatigue. This may be brought on by physical activity. But it may ease with rest. You may have constant tiredness that doesn't go away.

Loss of feeling

Speech problems

 

Tremor

Dizziness

Hearing loss

Bowel and bladder problems

Depression

Changes in sexual function

 

About half of all people with MS have thinking (cognitive) problems linked to the disease. The effects of these problems may be mild. Your healthcare provider may only find them after much testing. The problems may be with:

 

Focusing (concentration)

Attention

Memory

Poor judgment

Symptoms of MS are grouped as primary, secondary, or tertiary as described below:

 

Primary symptoms. These symptoms are a direct result of the destruction of myelin:

Weakness

Numbness

Shaking (tremors)

Loss of vision

 

Pain

Paralysis

Loss of balance

Bladder and bowel problems

 

Secondary symptoms. These are complications that may occur as a result of the primary symptoms, for example:

Paralysis can lead to bedsores.

Bladder problems may cause repeated urinary tract infections.

Inactivity can result in weakness, poor posture, muscle imbalances, decreased bone density, and breathing problems.

Becoming less mobile because of weakness and trouble swallowing can lead to a greater risk of pneumonia.

Tertiary symptoms. These are social, job-related, and psychological problems:

A person who becomes unable to walk or drive may lose their livelihood.

 

Strain of dealing with a chronic illness may disrupt personal relationships.

Depression is often seen among people with MS.

The symptoms of MS may look like other health problems. Always talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?

Not one specific test is used to diagnose MS. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and signs, imaging tests, and lab tests. A healthcare provider can make a diagnosis by following a careful process to rule out other causes and diseases. Two things must be true to make a diagnosis of relapsing remitting MS:

 

You must have had 2 attacks at least 1 month apart. An attack is when any MS symptoms show up suddenly. Or when any MS symptoms get worse for at least 24 hours.

 

You must have more than 1 area of damage to the central nervous system myelin. Myelin is the sheath that surrounds and protects nerve fibers. This damage must have occurred at more than 1 point in time and not have been caused by any other disease.

Your healthcare provider will ask about your health history and do a neurological exam. This includes:

Mental functions

Emotional functions

Language functions

Movement and coordination

Vision

Balance

Functions of the 5 senses

You may also need:

 

MRI. This diagnostic test uses a combination of large magnets and a computer to make detailed pictures of organs and structures within the body without the use of X-rays. It can find plaques or scarring caused by MS. Generally, a single attack along with certain patterns of changes in brain tissue seen on an MRI scan of the brain done with contrast can mean that you have MS.

 

Evoked potentials. These tests record the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli. These tests show if you have a slowing of messages in the different parts of the brain.

 

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis. This is also called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. It looks at the fluid taken from the spinal column to make an evaluation or diagnosis. This test checks for cellular and chemical abnormalities seen with MS.

Blood tests. These are done to rule out other causes for various neurological symptoms.

Eye exam and visual fields measurements.

How is multiple sclerosis treated?

Treatment will depend on your symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how bad the condition is.

Currently, treatments are divided into:

Disease-modifying treatments. These directly target inflammation in the central nervous system. They help slow its deterioration.

Treatment of acute relapses. The use of steroids and plasma exchange (PLEX) can speed up your recovery when you have an MS attack.

There is no known cure for MS. But you can do things to help change the course of the disease, treat flare-ups, manage symptoms, and improve your function and mobility.

Treatments for the conditions seen with MS may include:

 

Equipment, such as canes, braces, or walkers

Rehabilitation activities

Rehab varies depending on your symptoms and how bad they are. MS rehab may help you to:

Get back functions that are important for daily living

 

Be as independent as you can

Involve your family

Make the right decisions relating to your care

Learn about equipment like canes, braces, or walkers that can make is easier to move around

Set up an exercise program that builds muscle strength, endurance, and control

Get back motor skills

Speak more easily if you have weakness or a lack of coordination of face and tongue muscles

Manage bowel or bladder incontinence

Relearn thinking skills

Change the way your home is set up to keep you safe but allow you to move about as easily as possible

What are possible complications of multiple sclerosis?

The complications of MS range from mild to severe. They can range from fatigue to the inability to walk. Other problems include loss of vision, balance, and bowel or bladder control. Depression can result from the difficulty of living with a chronic condition.

 

Living with multiple sclerosis

It's important to take your medicines as directed. You may get help by taking part in a clinical trial. Using equipment like canes or walkers can help you get around as walking becomes harder to do. Rehab activities can also help you keep or get back functioning. Changing the way your home is set up can help you stay independent. Talk with your family and healthcare providers about what you need.

 

Key points about multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system.

 

MS is unpredictable. Some people may be only mildly affected. Others may lose the ability to see clearly, write, speak, or walk.

 

Early symptoms can include vision problems, trouble walking, and tingling feelings.

MS affects people differently. But common problems are trouble with movement and thinking, and bowel and bladder incontinence.

Medicines and rehabilitation can help to keep or restore functioning.

Sunday, 1 September 2024

A 28-month-old toddler can reach many milestones, including Speech

 


They may be able to repeat two digits, identify and name 10 to 15 pictures, and use pronouns like "I," "me," and "you". If your child isn't talking much, you can consult your pediatrician to see if they need early intervention.

Motor skills

They may be able to run, climb, and jump using their large motor skills. They may also be able to use the small muscles in their hands and fingers to turn book pages.

Other skills

They may be able to pull off their shoes and hold a cup with one hand. They may also enjoy turning knobs and playing games and singing songs that involve actions.

His increasing skills are making life easier for him, and for you. Your toddler may now be able to pull off his shoes. He may also be able to hold a cup with one hand.

Your toddler's dexterity with small things is matched by his ability to make big movements. He may even be able to balance on one foot for a second or take a big jump forward with his feet together. Have fun jumping over puddles or onto the next paving stone together. Your toddler will love trying out a physical challenge with your help.

How can I help my toddler to talk?

One thing that will really help your toddler is if you're patient with him. Although he can join in a conversation with you, he'll find it difficult to put together sentences with words in the right order. What he says may come out jumbled, and that's perfectly normal for this age.

 

When you ask him a question, give him a good 10 seconds to think about his answer. He'll need the time to put his thoughts into words. Follow your toddler's lead to talk about what interests him. This will keep him engaged and keen to chat.

How should I deal with my toddler's constant temper tantrums?

Your toddler is learning to cope with his strong emotions and to control his actions. He's still prone to a fair amount of pushing, shoving, yelling and throwing tantrums. This is all part of normal growing up for a toddler. It may reassure you to know that one in five two-year-olds has a temper tantrum every day.

If you see that your toddler is about to launch into a tantrum, try to distract him straight away. Use a toy to get his attention, or point out something out of the window. It doesn't have to be particularly interesting! It just has to be enough to take his mind off his grievance for a few seconds. Chances are he'll forget what was bothering him in the first place.

 

If you've told your toddler "no" to something, don't give in just to end the tantrum. Otherwise, your toddler will learn that a tantrum is a good way to get what he wants. And that means more tantrums for you to endure.

 

It's better to stay calm and remove your toddler from the situation. You'll have to be patient and wait for your toddler to calm down too. This can be particularly hard if your toddler's meltdown is a public one, but just grit your teeth and hang in there. You'll probably get plenty of sympathetic glances from passers-by.

How can I help my toddler to follow rules?

Helping your child to understand the "why" of rules will make it easier for him to follow them. Explain that we do some things to stay safe, such as holding hands while crossing the street.

 

Keep your rules clear and consistent. Be patient while your toddler learns to follow them. Most children will need a lot of gentle reminders. Praise your toddler when he does what you tell him to.

Why does my toddler ignore me when I ask him to come to the table?

Your toddler's attention span is getting longer. This means he may be so absorbed in his play that he'll ignore you when you ask him to do something.

 

He'll find it easier to leave his game if you tell him in advance. He won't understand the concept of time yet. But, for example, you could tell him: "You can build one more tower. Then we are having tea."

 

Your toddler may still need a couple of reminders before he moves away from his game. Getting him to listen to you is another challenge you'll face as the parent of a toddler!

When can I start teaching my toddler how to ride a bike?

Not yet. But your toddler will probably enjoy riding a tricycle. He won't necessarily be able to steer and pedal. Instead, he'll propel himself forward with his feet on the ground.

 

Another option is a balance bike. This is basically a pedal-free bike which is the right height for your toddler to plant both feet on the ground. This type of bike can help your toddler learn how to balance without the need for stabilisers.

 

A well-fitting helmet is a must, of course, especially if he'll be pushing himself along on pavements.

 

Your toddler needs at least three hours' physical activity a day. Introducing him to a trike or balance bike is a great way to get him moving.

Wednesday, 21 August 2024

Toddler sleep patterns and behaviors (2 to 3 years)

 

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Here are some tips that may help your 2-year-old sleep better:

Create a routine

A soothing, quiet bedtime routine can help your child understand that it's time for sleep. You can try reading a book, singing a song, giving them a bath, or tucking them in. Make sure to keep the routine consistent each night.

Make the bedroom comfortable

Keep the bedroom dark and quiet, and make sure your child is comfortable. You can also let them bring a favorite toy or blanket to bed.

Be consistent with bedtime

Try to put your child to bed at the same time every night. If they get out of bed, calmly take them back to bed without making a fuss. You can also try sitting in a chair by their bed and slowly moving it out of the room over time.

Avoid caffeine

Try to avoid giving your child caffeine in the late afternoon and evening. This includes energy drinks, coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola.

Try a bath

A warm bath can help your child transition from the day to sleep by triggering biological processes that lead to sleep. You can also try adding a tablespoon of Epsom salts or magnesium bath salts to help with sleep.


Between the ages of 2 and 3 years, toddlers often sleep 12 to 13 hours in a 24-hour period.

This includes 1 to 2 hours during the day, which helps to promote optimal learning and development.

A number of sleep-related changes commonly occur in this age group. This includes:

  • a decrease in daytime naps
  • longer periods of sleep overnight
  • Often a decrease in night waking.

Every child is different, so don’t worry too much if your toddler has different sleep patterns to those described here.

Helping your toddler with parental presence

  • Decide on an appropriate bedtime.
  • Start a positive bedtime routine (such as a warm bath and reading a book).
  • Place your toddler in their bed or cot, preferably while still awake or drowsy.
  • Gently pat your toddler and say good night.
  • Lie down on a bed or mattress in your toddler’s room with a night light on and pretend to sleep where your child can see you.
  • If your toddler wakes during the night and is distressed, make slight noises or movement (such as coughing or turning over), so your toddler knows you are there.
  • If your toddler becomes very distressed, soothe them with gentle words and by touching them – but try not to pick them up.
  • After 1 to 2 minutes, lie down and pretend to sleep.
  • Continue doing this every time your toddler wakes and is distressed. Repeat the process for day sleeps and naps.
  • Continue with the strategy for seven nights.
  • After three nights in a row of minimal sleep disturbance, you can return to your own room.
  • If your toddler’s sleep becomes disrupted again, you can re-introduce the strategy.

Camping out steps

Try each of these following steps in order. Each step may take two to three nights – it’s important that you and your child feel comfortable before progressing to the next step:

  1. Lie or sit next to your toddler and gently pat or stroke them until they go to sleep, then leave the room.
  2. Place a chair beside the cot and sit without touching. Allow your toddler to go to sleep before you leave the room.
  3. Sit at gradually increasing distances from the bed or cot. Allow your toddler to go to sleep before you leave the room.
  4. Eventually, place the chair outside the bedroom door.

If your toddler wakes, repeat the step you were using at bedtime, to help them learn to self-settle.


Following are some of the things you, as a parent, can do to help your toddler during this time:

 

Following are some of the things you, as a parent, can do to help your toddler during this time:

  • Set up a special time to read books with your toddler.
  • Encourage your child to take part in pretend play.
  • Help your child to explore things around them by taking them on a walk or wagon ride.
  • Encourage your child to tell you their name and age.
  • Teach your child simple songs like Itsy Bitsy Spider, or other cultural childhood rhymes.
  • Give your child attention and praise when they follow instructions and show positive behavior and limit attention for defiant behavior like tantrums. Teach your child acceptable ways to show that they are upset.

Child safety first

As your child is moving around more, they will come across more dangers as well. Dangerous situations can happen quickly, so keep a close eye on your child. Here are a few tips to help keep your growing toddler safe:

  • Encourage your toddler to sit when eating and to chew their food thoroughly to prevent choking.
  • Check toys often for loose or broken parts.
  • Encourage your toddler not to put pencils or crayons in their mouth when coloring or drawing.
  • Do NOT hold hot drinks while your child is sitting on your lap. Sudden movements can cause a spill and might result in your child being burned.
  • Make sure that your child sits in the back seat and is buckled up properly in a car seat with a harness.

Drowning is a leading cause of death for children.

Do NOT leave your toddler near or around water (for example, bathtubs, pools, ponds, lakes, whirlpools, or the ocean) without someone watching them. Ensure backyard pools are fenced off.

Healthy bodies

Here are a few tips to help keep your growing toddler healthy:

  • Talk with staff at your child care provider to see if they serve healthier foods and drinks, and if they limit television and other screen time.
  • Your toddler might change what food they like from day to day. It's normal behavior, and it's best not to make an issue of it. Encourage them to try new foods by offering them small bites to taste.
  • Encourage free play as much as possible. It helps your toddler stay active and strong and helps him develop motor skills.
  • Make sure your child gets the recommended amount of sleep each night: 11–14 hours per 24 hours (including naps) for toddlers 2-3 years old.

Screen Time and Toddlers‎

Keep television sets out of your child's bedroom. Set limits for screen time for your child to no more than 1 hour per day of quality programming at home, school, or afterschool care and develop a media use plan for your family. Learn more:

Sunday, 28 July 2024

40 Life Changes You Should Make After 40


These life-changing habits will make your 40s your best decade yet.

Turning 40 can feel like a big deal, and that's because it is. In fact, it might just be the beginning of your best decade yet. When you reach your 40s, your career is in better shape than it was a decade before, you know what you want from life, and you just might find yourself hitting peak confidence. It shouldn't come as a surprise, then, that making the most of this amazing period in your life is easy. We've rounded up 40 life changes you should make after 40 to make this your best decade yet.

 

1.       Stop pretending to enjoy things you actually hate.

While it may have felt important to like the same bands, books, or movies as your friends when you were younger, your 40s are the perfect time to stop pretending to care about things that don't matter to you. You only have so many years to spend on this planet, so why waste them pretending to be someone you're not? Reinvent yourself in your 40s by becoming who you really are.

 

2.     And don't be shy about the things you are into.

Luckily, the increased confidence you experience in your 40s makes it a prime time to embrace all those weird things you secretly love. Who cares that you still love seeing Taylor Swift in concert, or that your favorite movie is Toy Story? You're in your 40s, and the only person whose opinion matters is your own!

 

3.     Learn a new language.

"A higher level of education is associated with better mental functioning in old age," notes Harvard Medical School's blog. And in your 40s, what's more useful than studying a new language? When you travel, you can use your new linguistics knowledge to communicate and impress the locals.

 

4.     Become a world traveler.

You're more likely to have a little extra cash in your 40s than you did in your 20s, so why not spend it exploring the world around you? Whether you're jetting off to Rome or just driving to a nearby town, travel is a great way to get more enjoyment out of life. In fact, researchers at Cornell University found in a 2014 study that subjects were significantly happier when they had a trip to look forward to.

 

5.     Use all of your vacation days.

According to 2017 research from Glassdoor reported by MarketWatch, 54 percent of Americans didn't use all of their vacation days in 2016. However, research suggests that going on vacation can make you happier, healthier, and even more productive when you return to work. If you're in your 40s, you've likely spent close to half your life working, so go ahead and take those benefits offered to you while you can.

 

6.     Reinvigorate your relationship with some flirting.

 

It's easy to let your relationship get stagnant when you've been together for a long time. To keep things fresh, make sure you're still making time to flirt with your partner in your 40s. A little flirtation can go a long way in terms of making your partner feel loved and wanted—and as they say, happy wife, happy life.

 

7.     Wake up earlier.

While many people tend to naturally wake up earlier as they get older, try to make getting out of bed earlier a priority by the time you hit 40. Waking up earlier affords you some time to hit the gym before it gets too crowded, make yourself a healthy breakfast, or just decompress before the day starts. Better yet, researchers at Northwestern University have linked exposure to early morning sunlight to lower BMIs, so losing a little lounge time in bed could help you lose that spare tire, too.

 

8.     Find a hobby.

Want to make the most of your 40s? Stop wasting time with TV binges and find a hobby instead. Not only can developing a hobby increase your confidence and expand your social circle, but it may help keep you cognitively fit in the long run. One 2011 study published in the American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias found that adults who partook in their hobbies on a regular basis were less likely to develop dementia in later life than those who abstained.

 

9.     Read regularly.

Commit more time to reading in your 40s. It's more than just a fun hobby: A 2013 study published in the journal Neurology found that older individuals who remained avid readers until their deaths reduced memory-related decline by 32 percent.

 

10.                        Manage your finances.

While retirement may still be a way off when you're in your 40s, getting rid of any debt now can help you secure a more stable financial future. And according to research from PayScale, workers' earnings tend to be at their peak when people are in their 40s, meaning there's no better time to pay off your debt. If you get serious about paying off your debt now, you can easily be rid of it entirely by the time retirement rolls around.

 

11.                        Reinvent your finances.

Your 40s are a great time to talk to a financial planner and figure out just what your money goals are over the next 40 years. If you want to buy a house, then you can figure out how much you need to save every month to realistically put down a down payment; if you have kids, then you can figure out how much you need to put away for their college education; and if you want to travel the world once you retire, then you can start to budget for just that.

 

12.                        Be more assertive at work.

Your 40s are the perfect time to become more assertive at work. And research published in 2016 in the European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology reveals that assertive women are more likely to be considered for raises than their shyer counterparts. You've worked your way up the ladder this far, so why not keep going?

 

13.                        Stay out of office drama.

If you plan to retire at 65, you've got a lot of working years still ahead of you in your 40s. To make that time more bearable, do your best to steer clear of office drama whenever possible. Ten years from now, you won't remember (or care) who used up more than their fair share of printer paper.

 

14.                        Don't stay at a job you hate.

If you're unhappy with your current work situation, don't be afraid to start looking for something new—even in your 40s. This will benefit both your mental and physical health: A 2016 survey from Ohio State University found that workers who were less fulfilled in their careers were more likely to have sleep issues and depressive symptoms.

 

15.                        Find a fitness routine you love.

Just because you've previously spent more time on the couch than in the gym doesn't mean you can't turn things around in your 40s. Finding a fitness routine you love—be it Zumba, cycling, or yoga—can set you up for better health as you age. Doing so may even save your life: Research published in 2018 in the journal Circulation reveals that two years of regular exercise helped to counteract the cardiovascular effects of study participants' previously sedentary lifestyles.

 

16.                        Add weight training to your exercise plan.

By the time you hit 40, it's time to make regular weight training an integral part of your exercise routine. Not only can increasing your muscle mass make you look leaner, but researchers at Tufts University have found resistance training to be effective at improving balance, potentially preventing a future fall.

17.                        Cook more meals at home.

Now that you're 40, it's more than likely that you have a family to feed. Therefore, it's high time that you learn how to cook nutritious homemade meals for them, even if they aren't all that elaborate. One 2014 study from Johns Hopkins found that people who eat at home six to seven nights a week consumed fewer calories than those who eat out.

 

18.                        Keep your drinking to a minimum.

While you may have been able to drink an entire bottle of wine and wake up feeling like a million bucks in your 20s, odds are that's not the case by the time you hit 40. People tend to have a lower tolerance for alcohol as they get older, so when you do drink, limit yourself to just a few glasses and make sure to consume an equal amount of water.

 

19.                        Take the right supplements.

Having a healthy supplement routine in your 40s might just mean a longer, healthier life. While your doctor can help you determine what supplements are right for you, multivitamins are a good place to start for most people, and 2015 research published in Scientific Reports suggests that omega-3 supplementation may even help with weight loss.

 

20.                        Volunteer.

Want to improve your health and the world around you? Make it your mission to start giving back in your 40s. Research published in 2012 in Health Psychology reveals that volunteering may actually increase your lifespan, so when you volunteer at a soup kitchen or walk the dogs at your local shelter, you'll feel good for several reasons.

 

21.                        Get your clothes tailored.

In your 40s, you deserve to look as confident as you feel. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is by having your clothes tailored. A perfectly tailored suit or dress will not only fit you like a glove, but will also help you appear slimmer.

 

22.                        And get rid of clothes that don't fit properly.

You might have been able to get away with wearing ill-fitting clothes in your 20s and 30s, but not in your 40s. When you're reinventing yourself during this decade, make sure to toss anything that doesn't fit, whether that's jeans that are a size too small or shirts that are a size too big. Form-fitting pieces that actually fit are always the most flattering!

 

23.                        Develop a skincare routine that works for you.

Your face is the first thing people see when they look at you, so make it shine with an age-appropriate skincare routine. Many people experience more dryness as they get older, so it's time to ditch those harsh acne-fighting products you used in your 20s in favor of gentler ones. And if you're eager to fight off wrinkles, moisturizing is the name of the game.

 

24.                        Switch up your makeup routine.

Those makeup products that worked on your 20-year-old skin probably aren't going to pull their weight once you're 40. Switching to age-appropriate makeup styles and formulas will make it easier to deemphasize fine lines and wrinkles while treating dryness and other skin concerns. Better yet, changing up your look can help you reinvent yourself and look more current—cat-eye liner and nude lips won't be trendy forever, after all.

 

25.                        Find confidence.

You only have one life to live, so why waste it feeling bad about what you see in the mirror? Your 40s are that sweet spot where you're smart enough to both treat your body right and accept that perfection isn't necessarily possible. While you may have a few more fine lines than you did 20 years ago, consider them proof of a life well-lived.

 

 

26.                        Stop comparing yourself to others.

It's hard to feel confident about your looks, finances, relationship, and career 24/7, but by the time you're in your 40s, you should make a sincere effort to stop comparing yourself to others. By this point in time, your life has, for better or worse, taken a different path than many of your friends or family members, but there's no use beating yourself up over it. Focus on the things that you're happy about and proud about instead, and that regretful feeling is sure to fade.

 

27.                        Keep a journal.

A beautiful young African American woman sits at the window counter of a coffee shop, enjoying a latte while writing ideas down in a small notepad journal or diary. She wears a casual button up shirt, with her hair up, and a content relaxed look on her face. Shot in downtown Los Angeles. Bright sunlight cascades in through the windows illuminating the pages of paper and hot drink. Horizontal with copy space.

 

28.                        Learn how to move on from your own mistakes.

While that flubbed interview or bad date can feel like an albatross around your neck, you need to forgive yourself for those mistakes by the time you hit 40. When it's appropriate, atone, and when it's not, just do your best to move on.

 

29.                        Let go of grudges.

Similarly, let other people off the hook for past offenses now that you're 40 and more mature. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley found that unforgiving thoughts actually increased study subjects' blood pressure and heart rate, so it may be best for your mental and physical health to just let those grudges go.

 

30.                        Embrace your optimistic side.

While it's easy to fall on the glass-half-empty side of the spectrum, enjoying life more starts with channeling your inner optimist. Not only can being optimistic improve your outlook on life, but research published in 2017 in the American Journal of Epidemiology links optimism with lower rates of death from common ailments like cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

 

31.                        Remove toxic people from your life.

You only have one life to life, so why waste so much of it on people who do nothing to make it better? As family and work commitments increase in your 40s, it's the perfect time to cut toxic people out of your life for good. Nobody looks back at 50 and thinks, "I wish I had spent more time with people who made me feel terrible about myself."

 

32.                        Make more time for your friends.

In your 40s, make a real effort to spend time with your friends on a regular basis. Significant research published in 2007 in the journal Psychiatry suggests that having strong social support may improve mental health, so go ahead and host a game night or just pick up the phone to chat when you get the chance.

 

33.                        Carve out some more alone time in your schedule.

Spending every night hanging out with your friends or co-workers may have felt essential at 20. By the time you're in your 40s, however, it's just as important to know when you need down time and take it. Researchers at the University of Buffalo have even linked alone time to increased creativity, so don't be ashamed to sit out some social events in favor of a quiet night at home when you feel so inclined.

 

34.                        Learn how to de-stress naturally.

You can always reinvent yourself in your 40s and transform into someone who's more relaxed and stress-free. And while wine and chocolate are useful stress-busters, lowering your stress levels through exercise, meditation, and other mindfulness practices can make your life easier, more enjoyable, and longer. According to a 2005 study in the American Journal of Cardiology, stress-reduction exercises actually reduced mortality from cardiovascular disease by as much as 30 percent and reduced cancer death risk by up to 49 percent among hypertensive adults.

 

35.                        Live a less sedentary lifestyle.

When you reinvent yourself after 40, aim to stop sitting so much. Sitting for eight-plus hours each day has been linked to increased rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease, making it a major don't for anyone who wants to make it to 80.

 

Thankfully, there are multiple ways to make your office routine more active. According to the Mayo Clinic, adopting a standing desk could potentially help you shave off an extra five pounds each year. And if standing all day doesn't seem feasible, you can always keep moving with an under-desk elliptical or stair-stepper.

 

36.                        Stop spending so much time behind the screen.

However you reinvent yourself in your 40s, make sure you do it in a way that doesn't involve too much screen time. Screen time has been linked to health issues ranging from vision impairment to diminished heart health.

 

37.                        Spend more time outdoors.

Not sure how to reinvent yourself without using screens? Get outdoors! As a 2018 study from the University of East Anglia notes, spending time outside can reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stress, high blood pressure, and overall death. Whether you opt to take a walk around the block or picnic in the park, a little bit of time outdoors can do you some good in your 40s.

 

38.                        Pay attention to your sleep schedule.

If you're 40 or over, it's time to get a comfortable bed and stop skimping on the amount of time you spend in it. Research published in 2015 in Nature Neuroscience reveals that sleep deprivation may reduce your brain's ability to store memories, potentially increasing your risk of dementia as you age. Luckily, getting just seven or eight hours a night is enough to keep you sharp as a tack.

 

39.                        Drink more water.

In your 40s, your water bottle should be your constant companion from the moment you wake up to the moment you go to sleep. Drinking enough water on a daily basis can keep you feeling full for longer and make it easier to shed some pounds. What's more, researchers at the University of Connecticut have linked dehydration to fatigue, memory issues, headaches, and poor mood, so staying hydrated could be the key to staying healthy through your 40s.

 

40.                        Adopt a pet.

Dogs and cats are more than just good cuddlers. According to a 2013 study published in Circulation, owning a pet is associated with a reduced heart disease risk and increased survival among recovering heart disease patients. An earlier 2008 study from Ohio State University found that owning a cat or dog was enough to help lower subjects' risk of depression. Even if you've never owned an animal before, it's not too late to become a proud pet parent!


๐Ÿง  Developmental Milestones (3.5–4 years)

  ๐Ÿง  Developmental Milestones (3.5–4 years) 1. ๐Ÿ—ฃ️ Language & Communication Speaks in 4–6 word sentences Can tell simple stories ...